Upload Real Data for Power Analysis in R

Every rung so far generated predictor values from scratch — a normal distribution here, a binary split there. That works well when you're designing a study from theory. But if you already have a pilot dataset or an existing dataset that resembles your target population, you can hand it directly to MCPower and let the simulation draw predictors that match it. This rung shows how.

What uploading does — and doesn't do

Uploading shapes the predictor side of the simulation. The engine reads each column named in your formula, learns its marginal distribution and the correlation structure across all matched columns, and draws from that joint distribution for each simulated dataset. See upload data for the technical detail.

What uploading does not change: the outcome is still generated from your formula and your effect sizes. set_effects(...) is still required, still means the same thing, and still controls what you are powered to detect. The data gives you realistic predictor variation; the rest is yours to specify.

How to upload: a file or in-memory data

You can hand MCPower either a path to a file or data you already have in memory:

• A CSV file path — model$upload_data("pilot.csv"). The file is read locally by the package; nothing is uploaded anywhere.
• An R-native data.frame — model$upload_data(df). Use this when the data is already in memory after earlier preprocessing steps.

A matrix or a named list are accepted too.

The three modes (quick preview)

The mode argument controls how faithfully the synthetic predictors follow your real ones:

• mode = "none" — match each predictor's marginal distribution only.
• mode = "partial" (the default) — marginals plus the measured correlations among matched predictors.
• mode = "strict" — bootstrap whole rows; the faithful joint.

See concepts/upload-data for the two mechanisms behind these (distribution mapping vs. strict bootstrap). The example below uses the default.

Uploaded columns set their own type

When a column in your formula matches an uploaded column, its type (continuous, binary, or factor) is determined by what the native engine detects in the data — you cannot override it to a different class. For example, if am is detected as binary, calling set_variable_type("am", "continuous") stops with an error:

Column 'am' was detected as binary from your uploaded data; it can't be modeled as
continuous. Uploaded columns take their type from the data.

A matched continuous column may still have its distribution overridden (e.g. "right_skewed"); only the class (continuous / binary / factor) is locked. Factor levels are always taken from the data.

Only formula columns are used

The engine reads only the columns that appear in your formula. Every other column in the file is reported as (extra) and ignored — you can upload your full dataset without trimming it first.

The cars example

We model fuel efficiency (mpg) as a function of horsepower (hp), weight (wt), and transmission type (am), using the classic 32-car mtcars dataset — base R's built-in datasets::mtcars — as a predictor template. Effects are set to medium-range standardised values: hp and am at ±0.3, wt at −0.4, reflecting the expectation that heavier cars and higher horsepower reduce efficiency while a manual transmission improves it.

library(mcpower)

model <- MCPower$new("mpg ~ hp + wt + am")
model$upload_data(mtcars)
model$set_effects("hp=-0.3, wt=-0.4, am=0.3")

result <- model$find_power(sample_size = 150, target_test = "all", verbose = FALSE)
print(summary(result))

Uploaded 32 rows, 11 columns.
  mpg: continuous (extra)
  cyl: continuous (extra)
  disp: continuous (extra)
  hp: continuous (matched)
  drat: continuous (extra)
  wt: continuous (matched)
  qsec: continuous (extra)
  vs: binary (extra)
  am: binary (matched)
  gear: continuous (extra)
  carb: continuous (extra)
==================================================
  MCPower · Power Analysis
==================================================
formula: mpg ~ hp + wt + am
estimator: OLS  N=150  sims=1600  α=0.05  target=80%
effects: hp=-0.30, wt=-0.40, am=0.30

Per-test power
───────────────────────────────────
Test                 Power   Target
───────────────────────────────────
Overall F             100%      80%
hp                   59.0%      80%
wt                   85.0%      80%
am                   43.4%      80%
───────────────────────────────────

Power & 95% CI
───────────────────────────────────────────
Test                 Power           CI 95%
───────────────────────────────────────────
Overall F             100%   [99.8%,  100%]
hp                   59.0%   [56.6%, 61.4%]
wt                   85.0%   [83.2%, 86.7%]
am                   43.4%   [41.0%, 45.9%]
───────────────────────────────────────────
95% CIs are Monte-Carlo (Wilson), n_sims=1600.

Joint significance distribution
────────────────────────
k     Exactly   At least
────────────────────────
0        0.2%       100%
1       31.5%      99.8%
2       48.8%      68.2%
3       19.4%      19.4%
────────────────────────

Plots: plot(result) to view, plot(result, 'chart.png') to save.

Reading the output

The upload confirmation lists every column in your data and labels each one (matched) or (extra). Here hp, wt, and am are matched; the remaining eight columns are ignored.

At N = 150 the three predictors tell different stories:

• wt reaches 85.0% — comfortably powered. Weight is the strongest and most consistently measured predictor in this dataset.
• hp lands at 59.0% — well below the 80% target. The marginal distribution of horsepower in the 32-car sample is right-skewed, which reduces effective power compared to a symmetric predictor of the same standardised effect.
• am comes in at 43.4% — substantially underpowered. The binary transmission variable has a very uneven split in the cars data (roughly 40/60 manual/automatic), which makes it harder to detect than a balanced binary predictor would be.

The joint significance distribution shows that detecting all three effects in the same study at N = 150 happens only 19.4% of the time. If detecting am matters for your study, you would need to either increase N substantially or revisit whether a medium effect for am is realistic given the imbalanced split.

Borrowing a starting point

The example above typed the effect sizes by hand. If the outcome is in your upload too, you don't have to guess: model$get_effects_from_data("mpg") fits your model to the data and returns a ready-to-paste set_effects(...) string, the argument naming the outcome column. The values come back on MCPower's standardised scale, and it works for every family — OLS, logistic, and mixed. For a clustered model (include the grouping column in the upload) the printed note also reports the estimated ICC with a set_cluster(...) snippet, so you need not guess that either. For a binary (logistic) outcome it additionally reports the estimated baseline probability with a set_baseline_probability(p) snippet, recovered from the fitted intercept.

Treat them as a first guess, not a target: they carry the pilot's sampling error, and they are never applied automatically — you read the string, decide, and call $set_effects yourself. See borrowing starting effects.

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